Introduction Waqf—an enduring endowment of property for pious, religious or charitable purposes under Muslim law—has long occupied a delicate junction where religious autonomy, property rights, and public administration meet. India’s primary framework, the Waqf Act, 1995, created a system of state Waqf Boards, registration, and supervision over waqf properties. In 2025, Parliament enacted the Waqf…

Introduction Technology has revolutionized policing, enabling advanced surveillance, digital forensics, and predictive analytics. Yet, these tools raise deep concerns about civil liberties and constitutional safeguards. India’s legal regime—anchored in the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885—provides broad investigatory powers but weak privacy protections. With the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023,…

Introduction Across democracies, marriage equality has evolved from the margins of public debate to the center of constitutional law. In India, the Supreme Court’s 2018 ruling in Navtej Singh Johar decriminalized same-sex intimacy, paving the way for discussions on partnership and family recognition. The 2023 Constitution Bench decision in Supriyo @ Supriya Chakraborty v. Union…

Introduction The doctrine of public trust has long undergirded environmental jurisprudence in India: the idea that certain natural resources—water, air, forests—are held by the State in trust for the public and cannot be alienated or misused inconsistently with public welfare. In a recent landmark ruling, the Supreme Court extended the doctrine to include artificial lakes…

Introduction Free speech has always been both the hallmark and the test of a democracy. In India, the Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a)—a cornerstone of personal liberty and democratic participation. Yet this right is not absolute; it coexists with a set of reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) designed to safeguard…

Introduction Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is India’s most significant judicial innovation in expanding access to justice. It allows any public-spirited individual or organisation to approach the courts on behalf of affected communities whose fundamental or legal rights have been violated. Rooted in Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution, PILs have been instrumental in shaping…

Introduction Waqf—an enduring endowment of property for pious, religious or charitable purposes under Muslim law—has long occupied a delicate junction where religious autonomy, property rights, and public administration meet. India’s primary framework, the Waqf Act, 1995, created a system of state Waqf Boards, registration, and supervision over waqf properties. In 2025, Parliament enacted the Waqf…

Introduction Technology has revolutionized policing, enabling advanced surveillance, digital forensics, and predictive analytics. Yet, these tools raise deep concerns about civil liberties and constitutional safeguards. India’s legal regime—anchored in the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885—provides broad investigatory powers but weak privacy protections. With the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023,…

Introduction Across democracies, marriage equality has evolved from the margins of public debate to the center of constitutional law. In India, the Supreme Court’s 2018 ruling in Navtej Singh Johar decriminalized same-sex intimacy, paving the way for discussions on partnership and family recognition. The 2023 Constitution Bench decision in Supriyo @ Supriya Chakraborty v. Union…

Introduction The doctrine of public trust has long undergirded environmental jurisprudence in India: the idea that certain natural resources—water, air, forests—are held by the State in trust for the public and cannot be alienated or misused inconsistently with public welfare. In a recent landmark ruling, the Supreme Court extended the doctrine to include artificial lakes…

Introduction Free speech has always been both the hallmark and the test of a democracy. In India, the Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a)—a cornerstone of personal liberty and democratic participation. Yet this right is not absolute; it coexists with a set of reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) designed to safeguard…

Introduction Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is India’s most significant judicial innovation in expanding access to justice. It allows any public-spirited individual or organisation to approach the courts on behalf of affected communities whose fundamental or legal rights have been violated. Rooted in Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution, PILs have been instrumental in shaping…